Name: testing_mamta
Uploaded: 2026-07-28T00:00:00+00:00
Duration: T31S
Description: sddssd

GeeksforGeeks is a platform that offers coding-related videos to help people learn to code. The videos cover a wide range of topics, from basic programming concepts to complex algorithms, and include tutorials, lectures, and demonstrations. They are designed to help people of all skill levels, from beginner to expert, become proficient in coding. With the help of these videos, users can learn about different coding languages, practice coding challenges, and gain a better understanding of computer science and its related topics.

DSA / Placements

DA / Data Science & AI

Development

DevOps Course

GATE Prep

All Courses

Courses

Python

Java

ML & Data Science

Interview Corner

Programming Languages

Web Development

GATE

CS Subjects

DevOps

School Learning

Software and Tools

Tutorials

Summer Skillup

Practice Coding Problems

Problem of the Day

Connect 1:1 with Experts

Practice

Apply Now!

Post Jobs

Jobs Updates

Jobs

https://videos.geeksforgeeks.org/geeksforgeeks/13783/5b76340ae22e10f7371bf80eff712625gfg-fileexampleMP448015MG220260728142617/subtitle.vtt

testing_mamta

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/videos/testing_mamta/

testingmamta

Practice Problems

JavaScript

Data Science

Machine Learning

Linux

System Design

Aptitude

<h3>G-Fact 111 | Introduction to Data Science</h3><h2>Introduction to Data Science</h2>In this video, we will explore the fundamentals of data science, a multidisciplinary field that combines statistical analysis, data manipulation, and machine learning to extract insights and knowledge from data. This tutorial is perfect for students, professionals, or anyone interested in enhancing their understanding of data science and its applications.<h2>Why Learn Data Science?</h2>Learning data science helps to:<ul><li>Extract Insights: Gain valuable insights from data to inform decision-making.</li><li>Solve Complex Problems: Use data-driven approaches to address complex business and research problems.</li><li>Enhance Career Opportunities: Acquire skills that are in high demand across various industries.</li></ul><h2>Key Concepts</h2><h3>Data Science</h3><ul><li>The process of collecting, cleaning, analyzing, and interpreting data to extract meaningful insights and inform decision-making.</li></ul><h3>Key Components of Data Science</h3><ul><li>Data Collection: Gathering data from various sources such as databases, APIs, and web scraping.</li><li>Data Cleaning: Removing errors, handling missing values, and preparing data for analysis.</li><li>Data Analysis: Using statistical and computational methods to explore and analyze data.</li><li>Data Visualization: Creating visual representations of data to communicate findings effectively.</li><li>Machine Learning: Building predictive models and algorithms to make data-driven decisions.</li><li>Data Interpretation: Drawing conclusions and insights from the data analysis and models.</li></ul><h3>Benefits of Data Science</h3><ul><li>Informed Decisions: Support data-driven decision-making in business, healthcare, finance, and more.</li><li>Efficiency: Optimize processes and operations through data analysis and predictive modeling.</li><li>Innovation: Drive innovation by uncovering new patterns, trends, and opportunities in data.</li></ul><h2>Steps to Perform Data Science</h2>Define the Problem:<ul><li>Clearly state the question or problem you want to solve through data analysis.</li></ul>Collect Data:<ul><li>Gather relevant data from various sources such as databases, APIs, or CSV files.</li></ul>Clean and Prepare Data:<ul><li>Handle missing values, remove duplicates, and preprocess the data to make it suitable for analysis.</li></ul>Explore Data:<ul><li>Use descriptive statistics and visualization techniques to explore the data and understand its structure.</li></ul>Analyze Data:<ul><li>Apply statistical and computational methods to analyze the data and extract insights.</li></ul>Build Predictive Models:<ul><li>Use machine learning algorithms to build models that can make predictions based on the data.</li></ul>Interpret Results:<ul><li>Draw conclusions and insights from the analysis and models to inform decision-making.</li></ul><h2>Practical Example</h2><h3>Example: Performing Data Science on a Sample Dataset</h3>Install Necessary Libraries:<ul><li>Ensure that Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, Seaborn, and Scikit-Learn are installed using pip</li></ul>Load the Dataset:<ul><li>Use Pandas to load a sample dataset into a DataFrame</li></ul>Clean and Prepare Data:<ul><li>Handle missing values and remove duplicates</li></ul>Explore Data:<ul><li>Use descriptive statistics and visualization to explore the data</li></ul>Analyze Data:<ul><li>Apply statistical methods to analyze the data</li></ul>Build Predictive Models:<ul><li>Use Scikit-Learn to build a predictive model</li></ul>Interpret Results:<ul><li>Draw conclusions from the analysis and model</li></ul><h2>Practical Applications</h2><ul><li>Business Intelligence:<ul><li>Analyze sales data to identify trends and make strategic business decisions.</li></ul></li><li>Healthcare:<ul><li>Analyze patient data to improve treatment outcomes and operational efficiency.</li></ul></li><li>Finance:<ul><li>Use predictive models to manage risks and forecast financial trends.</li></ul></li></ul>

Introduction To Data Science

Like QuickSort, Merge Sort is a Divide and Conquer algorithm. It divides the input array into two halves, calls itself for the two halves, and then it merges the two sorted halves. The merge() function is used for merging two halves. The merge(arr, l, m, r) is a key process that assumes that arr[l..m] and arr[m+1..r] are sorted and merges the two sorted sub-arrays into one.Pseudocode :• &nbsp; &nbsp;Declare left variable to 0 and right variable to n-1&nbsp; • &nbsp; &nbsp;Find mid by medium formula. mid = (left+right)/2 • &nbsp; &nbsp;Call merge sort on (left,mid) • &nbsp; &nbsp;Call merge sort on (mid+1,rear) • &nbsp; &nbsp;Continue till left is less than right • &nbsp; &nbsp;Then call merge function to perform merge sort.Merge Sort : <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/merge-sort/">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/merge-sort/</a>&nbsp;

Merge Sort

Embark on a MongoDB journey as we explore the essential CRUD operations with our comprehensive tutorial! Whether you're new to MongoDB or seeking to enhance your database management skills, understanding CRUD operations is fundamental for interacting with MongoDB databases effectively.In this tutorial, we'll delve into the concept of CRUD operations in MongoDB. You'll learn about the four primary operations: Create, Read, Update, and Delete, and how they correspond to database manipulation tasks. We'll explore how to perform each CRUD operation using MongoDB's command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI), providing practical examples and code snippets.Join us as we unravel the intricacies of MongoDB database management, providing step-by-step instructions, screenshots, and insights along the way. From creating and retrieving documents to updating and deleting data, you'll gain the skills to perform CRUD operations confidently in MongoDB.Ready to master the art of MongoDB database management and perform CRUD operations like a pro? Dive into our tutorial now and discover how to interact with MongoDB databases effectively! For further exploration and detailed insights, don't forget to peruse the accompanying article on GeeksforGeeks: <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mongodb-crud-operations/">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mongodb-crud-operations/</a>Don't miss out on the opportunity to elevate your database management skills and harness the power of MongoDB for your projects. Like, share, and subscribe for more tutorials and insights into MongoDB concepts. Let's perform CRUD operations in MongoDB together. Happy coding!

MongoDB CRUD Operations | Compass & CRUD using compass

In this video, we will be discussing the difference between JDK, JRE &amp; JVM. But before getting into the details let us discuss them in brief first.1) JDK (Java Development Kit) is a Kit that provides the environment to develop and execute(run) the Java program. JDK is a kit(or package) that includes two things- Development Tools(to provide an environment to develop your java programs)- JRE (to execute your java program).&nbsp;2) JRE (Java Runtime Environment) is an installation package that provides an environment to only run(not develop) the java program (or application) onto your machine. JRE is only used by those who only want to run Java programs that are end-users of your system.&nbsp;3) JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is a very important part of both JDK and JRE because it is contained or inbuilt in both. Whatever Java program you run using JRE or JDK goes into JVM and JVM is responsible for executing the java program line by line, hence it is also known as an interpreter.Watch the video till the end to know the difference between JDK, JRE &amp; JVM in detail.Related article:<a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/differences-jdk-jre-jvm/">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/differences-jdk-jre-jvm/</a>

Difference between JVM, JRE & JDK

The kernel is the main component of an operating system. It is the first program that is loaded by the bootloader when the system is switched on. It remains in the memory till the system is shut down. The kernel is an interface between the user application programs and the hardware. An operating system can never function without a kernel.The main functions of the kernel are:1) Resource management: Kernel ensures that the resources are correctly shared among different processes. 2) Memory management: Allocation and Deallocation of memory among various processes. 3) Disk Management: It manages the secondary storage devices.The kernel manages the interaction between user application programs and system hardware.There are main five types of the kernel in the operating system, which are as follows: 1) Monolithic kernel 2) Micro Kernel 3) Hybrid Kernel 4) Exo Kernel 5) Nano Kernel1) Monolithic Kernel: Mono means single, in monolithic kernel, both user and kernel space occupy the same memory area. Response time of a monolithic kernel is very low which leads to fast performance of the system. In monolithic kernel, kernel size is large because of the large size of the code. The most common example of monolithic kernel is unix, linux.2) Micro Kernel: In Micro Kernel, user services and kernel services are implemented in separate memory areas. Microkernels are smaller in size as compared to monolithic kernel and very highly stable because of less services in the kernel space. It requires a large number of system calls and context switches. &nbsp;The most common example of microkernel are AmigaOS, and Minix.3) Hybrid Kernel: Hybrid kernel is the mixture or combination of monolithic and micro kernel. In hybrid kernel some non-essential code is kept in the kernel space to speed up the execution process. As it is the combination of Monolithic and microkernel so it is as fast as monolithic kernel and as stable as microkernel. The common example of hybrid kernel are: windows NT, Netware.4) Exo Kernel: Exo kernel was developed by MIT, it focuses on application-level management of resources. It provides a low-level interface. Exo kernel separates security and management of resources. It increases work for the application developers. Te common example of Exo Kernel &nbsp;are Nemesis, ExOs.5) Nano Kernel: Nano stands for small, so here nano refers to the size of the kernel. The size of nano kernel is very small as compared to other kernels. It’s design closely resembles to Micro kernel, as it has hardware abstraction and do not provide system services. In nano kernel most of the code is present in the kernel space. The common example of Nano kernel is EROS.Kernel is OS: <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/kernel-in-operating-system/">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/kernel-in-operating-system/</a>

Kernel in Operating System

<h3>G-Fact 87 | Artificial Intelligence Introduction</h3>In this video, we will explore the fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a branch of computer science that aims to create machines capable of intelligent behavior. AI is transforming industries by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. This tutorial is perfect for students, professionals, or anyone interested in understanding the basics of AI and its significance.<h4>Why Learn About AI?</h4>Understanding AI helps to:<ul><li>Grasp Cutting-Edge Technology: Gain insights into one of the most transformative technologies of our time.</li><li>Enhance Career Opportunities: Develop skills in AI, which are in high demand across various industries.</li><li>Drive Innovation: Apply AI to solve complex problems and innovate in different fields.</li></ul><h4>Key Concepts</h4>Artificial Intelligence (AI):<ul><li>The simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans.</li></ul>Machine Learning (ML):<ul><li>A subset of AI that involves training algorithms to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed.</li></ul>Deep Learning:<ul><li>A subset of machine learning that uses neural networks with many layers to analyze various factors of data.</li></ul>Natural Language Processing (NLP):<ul><li>The field of AI that focuses on the interaction between computers and humans through natural language.</li></ul>Computer Vision:<ul><li>The field of AI that enables machines to interpret and understand visual information from the world.</li></ul><h4>Key Areas of AI</h4>Machine Learning:<ul><li>Supervised Learning: Learning from labeled data to make predictions.</li><li>Unsupervised Learning: Finding patterns in unlabeled data.</li><li>Reinforcement Learning: Learning through trial and error to achieve long-term goals.</li></ul>Natural Language Processing:<ul><li>Text Analysis: Understanding and processing human language text.</li><li>Speech Recognition: Converting spoken language into text.</li><li>Machine Translation: Translating text from one language to another.</li></ul>Computer Vision:<ul><li>Image Recognition: Identifying objects, people, and places in images.</li><li>Object Detection: Locating and identifying objects in images or videos.</li><li>Facial Recognition: Identifying or verifying a person’s identity using their face.</li></ul>Robotics:<ul><li>Combining AI with robotics to create machines that can perform tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously.</li></ul><h4>Steps to Get Started with AI</h4>Learn the Basics:<ul><li>Start with foundational concepts in AI, machine learning, and deep learning. Familiarize yourself with basic algorithms and techniques.</li></ul>Choose a Programming Language:<ul><li>Python is the most popular language for AI due to its extensive libraries and ease of use.</li></ul>Use AI Libraries and Frameworks:<ul><li>Libraries such as TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, and Scikit-Learn simplify the implementation of AI algorithms.</li></ul>Work on Projects:<ul><li>Apply your knowledge by working on AI projects. Start with simple tasks like image classification or sentiment analysis.</li></ul>Join AI Communities:<ul><li>Engage with AI communities, participate in forums, and collaborate on projects to learn from others and stay updated with the latest trends.</li></ul><h4>Practical Applications</h4><ul><li>Healthcare:<ul><li>AI is used for diagnosing diseases, personalizing treatment plans, and drug discovery.</li></ul></li><li>Finance:<ul><li>AI powers fraud detection, algorithmic trading, and personalized financial advice.</li></ul></li><li>Retail:<ul><li>AI enhances customer experiences through personalized recommendations and optimizes inventory management.</li></ul></li><li>Transportation:<ul><li>AI enables autonomous vehicles, optimizes traffic management, and predicts maintenance needs.</li></ul></li><li>Education:<ul><li>AI provides personalized learning experiences, automates grading, and offers virtual tutoring.</li></ul></li></ul>

Artificial Intelligence Introduction

AVL Tree is a self-balancing Binary Search Tree where the height difference between left and right subtrees is at most one. Named after its inventors, it ensures O(Log n) time complexity for search, insertion, and deletion. AVL Trees perform rotations to maintain balance and allow efficient operations. They are commonly used in scenarios requiring predictable and consistent performance. AVL Trees are simpler to understand compared to Red-Black Trees. For more details, visit the GeeksforGeeks article: <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-avl-tree/">AVL Tree Data Structure</a>.

AVL Tree Data Structure

Welcome to our puzzle tutorial on solving the Heaven and Hell puzzle! Whether you're a puzzle enthusiast or someone looking for a mental challenge, this tutorial is tailored to provide you with a clear strategy for solving this intriguing puzzle.In this tutorial, we'll delve into the Heaven and Hell puzzle, elucidating its rules and objective. The puzzle involves two doors, one leading to heaven and the other to hell, and two guards, one of whom always tells the truth and the other always lies. Your task is to determine which door leads to heaven by asking only one question to one of the guards.Join us as we unravel the intricacies of this puzzle, discussing different approaches and strategies for finding the correct door. We'll provide step-by-step explanations and logical reasoning to guide you through the solution process.Ready to test your puzzle-solving skills and uncover the door to heaven? Watch the tutorial now and gain valuable insights into this fascinating puzzle! For further exploration and detailed insights, don't forget to peruse the accompanying article on GeeksforGeeks: <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/puzzle-heaven-hell/">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/puzzle-heaven-hell/</a>Don't miss out on the opportunity to challenge your mind and have fun with puzzles. Like, share, and subscribe for more tutorials and insights into puzzle-solving techniques. Let's embark on this enlightening journey together. Happy puzzling!

Heaven and Hell - Puzzle

In this video, we will be covering the different types of network devices which are present in computer network. Hardware devices used to connect computers, printers, fax machines, and many other electronic devices to a network are referred to as network devices. Network devices are classified into intra-network and inter-network. Data transfer is fast when network devices are used. Data is transferred securely over the same or different networks. Data is transferred in a correct manner over the same or different networks.&nbsp; Mostly used network devices in networking are: 1) Repeater: The repeater is used at the physical layer. Its task is to regenerate the signal over the same network before the signal becomes too weak. Repeaters never amplify the signal. When the signal is weak, repeaters bit by bit copy the signal and regenerate it at the original strength.&nbsp; 2) Hub: Hub is a multiport repeater. Multiple wires coming from diverse branches are connected using a hub, for example, in star topology hub is used as a connector that connects different machines.&nbsp; 3) Bridge: Bridge device is used at the data link layer. The bridge is exactly like a repeater, with extra functionality of content filtering by evaluating MAC addresses of source and destination. Interconnects two LANs working on the same protocol. 4) Switch: Switch plays a more intelligent role than hubs. The switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that increases its performance and efficiency. Switch checks the error before forwarding data, which makes it effective as it never forwards the packets which have errors and only forwards packets that are good and send them only to the correct port.&nbsp; 5) Router: The router device is used at Network Layer. A router device is similar to switch that based on IP addresses routes their data packets. The router splits broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.&nbsp; 6) Gateway: Gateway, is a track or gate to connect two different networks together. Data is taken from one system, interpret, and send to another system. Gateways are known as protocol converters and can operate at any network layer. 7) Access Point: Access point (AP) can technically involve either a wired or wireless connection. It commonly means a wireless device. An AP works at the second layer of the OSI model i.e. the Data Link layer.&nbsp;Network devices: <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-devices-hub-repeater-bridge-switch-router-gateways/">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-devices-hub-repeater-bridge-switch-router-gateways/</a>

Types of Network Devices in Computer Network

Topologies are a geometric representation of the relationship of links and linking of devices with one another. Two or more computers connected to each other using cables form a link, and two or more links collectively form a topology.In computer networks, topologies are mainly categorized into the following types:1) Mesh topology 2) Star topology 3) Bus Topology 4) Ring Topology 5) Tree Topology 6) Hybrid TopologyMesh Topology: In mesh topology each device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. Dedicated connection means that cable carries data only between two devices. If N number of devices are connected with each other in the mesh topology then, ports required by each device is N-1, and total number of ports required in the topology is N*(N-1). Total number of dedicated cables required to connect them is NC2, i.e.N(N-1)/2.Mesh topology is robust and secure. But it is difficult to install and configure the mesh topology and cost is also high as compared to other topologies.Star topology: Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link with a central controller, known as a hub. Devices are not linked to one another directly, so each device needs one link and one port to connect with the central hub. If a device wants to send the data to another device, so it will send it to the controller, then it is the responsibility of the hub to transmit the data to the correct destination. If N number of devices are connected in star topology so the number of cables required is N. Star topology is robust and has easy fault detection and isolation mechanism. But the entire system is dependent on the central controller, i.e. hub and the cost of installation is high.Bus Topology: In a bus topology, one long cable is the backbone to connect all the computers in a network. Computers are connected to bus cables by drop lines &amp; taps. A drop line is a connection running between the device &amp; main cable. It is not bidirectional, and has multipoint connection. It is not robust because the entire dependency is on backbone cable.Ring Topology: Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only two devices on either side of it. The signals are passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches their destination. Signal can be made bidirectional, using two connections between each node. Repeaters are used in ring topology to prevent data loss.This topology is cheap to install and expand and has easy fault isolation mechanism. But it is difficult to troubleshoot the problem in ring topology and it is unidirectional.Tree Topology: Tree topology has a hierarchical stream of data. Secondary hubs are connected with a central hub that has repeaters. Data flow from top to bottom or vice versa, i.e. from a central hub to devices. More devices can be connected to a central hub easily, it allows network isolation and also prioritizes signals from different devices. But the entire dependency of the system on the central hub.Hybrid Topology: This topology is a combination of two or more different topologies to make a resultant topology with advantages of basic topologies instead of having the characteristic of only one specific topology. Hybrid topologies are completely reliable, flexible, scalable, has easy fault detection and troubleshooting, it can handle a large network. But it is complex in design and are expensive in costNetwork Topologies: <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-network-topology/">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-network-topology/</a>

Network Topology | Computer Networks

Here are some ways to find the pen and what the O order is.O(n2): You go and ask the first person in the class if he has the pen. Also, you ask this person about the other 99 people in the classroom if they have that pen and so on,&nbsp; This is what we call O(n2).&nbsp; O(n): Going and asking each student individually is O(N).&nbsp; O(log n): Now I divide the class into two groups, then ask: “Is it on the left side, or the right side of the classroom?” Then I take that group and divide it into two and ask again, and so on. Repeat the process till you are left with one student who has your pen. This is what you mean by O(log n). Calculating Time Complexity: <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/understanding-time-complexity-simple-examples/">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/understanding-time-complexity-simple-examples/</a>

Calculating Time Complexity

C++ is a general-purpose programming language that was developed as an enhancement of the C language to include object-oriented paradigm. It is an imperative and a compiled language.&nbsp;C++ is a middle-level language rendering it the advantage of programming low-level (drivers, kernels) and even higher-level applications (games, GUI, desktop apps etc.). The basic syntax and code structure of both C and C++ are the same.&nbsp;Applications of C++:&nbsp; C++ finds varied usage in applications such as:<ul><li>Operating Systems &amp; Systems Programming. e.g. Linux-based OS (Ubuntu etc.)</li><li>Browsers (Chrome &amp; Firefox)</li><li>Graphics &amp; Game engines (Photoshop, Blender, Unreal-Engine)</li><li>Database Engines (MySQL, MongoDB, Redis etc.)</li><li>Cloud/Distributed Systems</li></ul> Related Article : <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-c-programming-language/">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-c-programming-language/</a>